The integration of surveying and mapping technologies with archaeology has advanced excavation from basic artefact recovery to precise quantitative spatial analysis. Topographic surveying now serves as the foundation of research, using total stations, GNSS systems, and 3D laser scanning (LiDAR) to georeference each fragment with millimetre accuracy in a digital grid. Drones equipped with multispectral sensors map large areas and detect ground anomalies that may indicate buried structures. All data are consolidated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), enabling the overlay of historical maps, photogrammetric surveys, and stratigraphic information. This method provides highly accurate site documentation and supports virtual reconstruction, preserving a digital record even after physical layers are removed.
